Taxonomical, Ecological and Phytosociological Studies on sacred groves of Palakkad District, Kerala State.

Abstract

Sacred groves, also known as sacred forests or temple forests, hold significant cultural, ecological, and spiritual importance in many regions. These protected areas in Kerala, India, are valued for their biodiversity, ecological benefits, and the preservation of indigenous and endangered species. Local communities use taboos, limitations, and traditional beliefs to maintain these groves, which are the last remaining intact forest sections in a landscape severely damaged by human activities like agriculture and deforestation. The Palakkad area is an important site for these groves, as they provide a home for a variety of species, including indigenous and endangered species. The local community reveres the sacred woods and often associates them with spirits or deities. These groves are essential for providing ecosystem services, such as water and air purification. From 70 sacred groves, 529 species belonging to 377 genera and 115 families were identified, listed, and herbaria prepared with available specimens. The flora of sacred groves in Palakkad district includes 181 herbs, 119 shrubs, 74 climbers, and 155 trees. The greatest diversity documented was found in Athippattamana Nagakanya Kshethram, with the minimum diversity observed in Punnakkodu Naga Kshethram representing only 11 species. Sacred groves are linked to various ceremonies that serve to meet our needs, such as banishing Sarpa Dosham and preventing diseases like vitiligo, psoriasis, and leprosy. Threats to sacred groves include shifts in belief systems, invasive species proliferation, construction of roads and temples, electric lines, and inadequate boundaries and fencing. Effective management and conservation are crucial to maintaining these ecologically important sites. Red listed plants, such as endangered and critically endangered species, are present in these groves. 39 endemic and 28 IUCN red listed plant species are documented from these groves.Out of 529 plants reported in Palakkad district, 303 are used for treating illnesses. However, unscientific collection and over-exploitation of these plants can compromise the assets and warrant sustainable management. Hindu religious rituals also heavily influence nature worship, affecting sociocultural and environmental aspects of cultures. Future generations need to preserve these precious groves. The sacred groves in Kerala are home to a variety of plant species, including the popular offerings to Serpent Gods. These groves are home to a high biodiversity, including IUCN Red List species and a keystone species, Ficus benghalensis L., which provides a niche for a significantvariety of birds and plants. However, overcrowding by invasive weeds reduces species diversity and destroys habitat in sacred groves. The increasing presence of invasive species and the pollution of soil and water contribute to the threat to these ecosystems. The survival of these groves is threatened by various development strategies and alterations in the social structure. In conclusion, the preservation of sacred groves is crucial for maintaining biodiversity and preserving the natural resources of the region.